Technology and Research Links:

Charging calculator - Tesla Motors

Organic flow battery, and here

Rocky Mountain Institute - Electricity

TheGreenAge.co.uk - Energy Storage

Thin Red Line Aerospace - Undersea CAES bags

Waste Heat Generation - Cyclone Power Technology

Falco Fusion Sports Electric Wheel - eBike Technology

Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI™) battery technology

Some Typical Specific Energy Densities [kWh/kg]:

0.00001 Electrostatic capacitor (typical electronic applications)

0.005 Supercapacitor (typical electronic applications)

0.018 Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI™ Aquion M-line, 25.5 kWh)

0.019 Liquid-metal battery (Ambri 2014 Beta Core, 35 kWh)

0.03-0.05 Lead-acid battery

0.08 Nickel-metal hydride battery

0.19 Alkaline battery

0.1-0.24 Lithium-ion battery

0.15-0.5 Sodium-ion battery (Faradion)

0.83 Gunpowder

1.4 TNT

2.6 Lithium-sulfur battery (Hyundai R&D)

4.5 Wood

4.67 Protein

4.72 Carbohydrates

>5 GigaCapacitor (White Paper by D. Rivkin)

5.47 Methanol

6.7 Coal

10.3 Fat

11.6 Lithium-air (Li-O₂) battery (Argonne National Lab)

11.9 Aviation fuel (Jet A), kerosene

12.8 Gasoline, Diesel, Fuel oil

12.9 LPG

14.9 Natural gas

34.2 Hydrogen (compressed at 70 MPa)

2.3 x 10⁷ Uranium 235

2.5 x 10¹⁰ Mass-energy equivalence E = mc²

5.0 x 10¹⁰ Antimatter

Some Energy Storage Equipment Costs [$US/kWh]:

$50 predicted cost for stationary storage

Source: Eric Wesoff, May 24, 2012, GreenTechMedia

$82 Lead-acid battery

Source: $112/115 Ahr @12 V, Sears DieHard deep-cycle marine RV

$100-200 target cost for all-electric car

Source: Eric Wesoff, May 24, 2012, GreenTechMedia

$125 GigaCapacitor

Source: White Paper by D. Rivkin

$160 Zinc hybird cathode (Eos Aurora)

Source: Eos Energy Storage, website, January, 2015

$250 cost for 4 MWh stationary battery system

Source: Chet Lyons, April 1, 2014, GreenTechMedia based on AES Energy Storage battery systems

$400 present (approx) cost of Tesla Model S Lithium-ion battery

Source: Clay Dillow, March 19, 2014, CNBC

$500 target for Liquid Metal Battery

Source: GreenZone.co

$587 Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI™ Aquion M-line, 28.6 kWh)

Source: Budget quotation from Aquion, January 15, 2015

$1600 Lithium-ion battery w/ integrated converters

Source: $64k/40kWh Coda Energy

$53,900 Supercapacitor

Source: $1,456/83F @48 V, Maxwell Technologies BMOD module

Some Energy Transportation Costs [$US/100-miles]:

$0.15 Electric bicycle

Source: ResearchGate: Using national average electrical energy cost of $0.12/kWh, 1.2 kWh required to go 100 miles at an average speed of 10 mi/hr, 83.3 mi/kWh, time to charge approximately 2 hr.

$5.31 Tesla Model S, 2014

Source: Charging calculator - Tesla Motors. Using national average electrical energy cost of $0.12/kWh (3-15-2014) and standard 110 V, 12 A, outlet, 150 miles, $7.96, 66.3 kWh, 2.26 mi/kWh, time to charge 00:46:03.

$17.68 Toyota Tacoma, 2008

Source: My truck - 4.0L V6, 85% octane gas using national average gas cost of $3.50/gal (3-15-2014) all time averages are 309.1 miles, 15.6 gal, 19.8 mi/gal, time to fuel 00:03:00.